Bence György
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Az alkotmánybíróságok a jogszabályok alkotmányosságát vizsgálják, és megsemmisítik az alkotmányellenes törvényeket. Emiatt elkerülhetetlenül konfliktusba kerülnek a demokratikus törvényhozóval, de magukat az új alkotmányosság képviselőjének tekintik. A magyar Alkotmánybíróságot is a rendszerváltás hozta létre. Igen széles hatáskörrel rendelkezik. A világon egyedülálló, hogy bárki indítványozhatja egy jogszabály vizsgálatát, függetlenül attól, hogy az ő jogait érte-e a jogszabály miatt sérelem.
In 1989 the term constitutional jurisdiction was unheard of. Because of the change of system, law is no longer a tool of politics: now any political objective may be realised exclusively within the framework of the constitution. A novelty, unique in world history, of the Hungarian change of system is in the fact that the Constitutional Court had been established before any free elections had been held, thus supervising the revolutionary change of the political system from the constitutional aspect. A peculiarity of the Hungarian Constitutional Court consists in the abundance of abstract competences and in the fact that anybody may propose a revision of a legal rule. The Constitutional Court has developed a coherent system of the imperfect and contradictory law on constitutional jurisdiction and of the Constitution, in doing so it has also had to design itself. This covered also the externalities - including, for example premises and gowns. In addition to clarifying the content of individual rights and institutions, its role as positive codifier has also become ever more important: its judgements are general rules serving as a framework for political legislation.
Az utolsó harminc évben virágzó akadémiai diszciplínává vált politikai filozófia felülről tekint a politikára. Ezért nem sokat tud kezdeni azzal a jelenséggel, hogy a közvélemény szemében a politika gyanús vállalkozás, a politikus kétes figura. De létezik egy olyan politikai filozófia is, amely magából a politikai életből, a politikai konfliktusokból indul ki. Ennek az irányzatnak a kulcsszava a "politikum". A "politikum" filozófiája nem veszélytelen. De mindenképp van egy előnye: szembenéz azokkal a veszélyekkel, amelyeket az akadémiai politikai filozófia főárama elkerül.
Politics is a dubious enterprise; the politician is regarded with some suspicion by public opinion. From a sociological standpoint, the judgement of politics and politicians is paradoxical, from the political one, it is worrying and from an intellectual point of view, it is unacceptable. There are practical reasons for these perceptions but the theory of politics should also attract culpability. Political philosophy surveys politics from above and attempts to pass judgement based on higher principles. Yet, a kind of political philosophy exists which takes political life itself, the conflicts inseparable from politics, as a starting point. This approach is known as politicum. According to this approach, politics is not always nor is the only tool for implementing economic and social interests and moral and ideological ambitions; it has its own aims and dignity. This philosophy of politicum has the advantage of confronting the dangers that mainstream academic political philosophy overlooks, yet it is not itself without its own risks.
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Ismereteink egy igen jelentős hányadát fény segítségével szerezzük meg. A fény hullámhossza viszont határt szab az optikai rendszerek felbontóképességnek, a láthatóságnak. Egy "újfajta fény" azonban megteremtette annak lehetőségét, hogy ezen a korláton átlépjünk. Olyan optikai elemeket és chipeket hozhatunk így létre, amelyek akár le is körözhetik a jelenleg használt elektronikus chipeket nagyobb elemsűrűségükkel, sebességükkel és még egy sor előnyös tulajdonságokkal.
Electromagnetic radiation segments, falling into various wavelength realms, inform a significant portion of our knowledge about the world. Visible light is only a rather narrow segment of the broad spectrum available, yet its significance to us is extraordinary, since it is this range that affects the sensitivity of our eyes. The lecture explores the importance of light to various areas of life, from life processes, to the visual arts, through to scientific research. In addition, we can learn about the way light transpires, the characteristics it displays, and the ways in which electromagnetic radiation helps reveal the secrets of our universe. Light also plays a vital part in mankind's penchant for miniaturization. The discovery of a new type of light - surface plasmons - opened new horizons where the wavelength of light no longer delimits the resolution capacity of the optical system. This allows for the production of optical units and chips that would compare favourably to the electronic ones currently in use, and may well initiate a fundamental paradigm shift in information technology, among other things. The lecture describes this new type of light; then, in closing, it explores the ways in which we can use light in the production of computers that are based on the use of atomic components.