Szilágyi N. Sándor
20
04
11
15
Előadó
Az út az egyszerű anyagi építőelemektől - az atomoktól - a komplex anyagi rendszerekig - a naprendszerekig, a galaxisokig, az élő anyagig -, az anyag önszerveződésén keresztül vezet. A huszadik század végén az élet kémiai/biokémiai folyamataiból ellesett megoldások mesteri utánzása a kémia fejlődésének új perspektívát nyitott, létrehozta a kémia egy új fejezetét, a szupramolekuláris kémiát, a nem-kovalens kémiai kötéssel kapcsolódó molekulák nanoméretű halmazainak kémiáját.
The lecture presents the development, progress and current state of nano-chemistry, the newest branch of chemistry. The road to nano-chemistry was opened by the mastery with which the chemical processes of biologic life were copied. Nano-chemistry led to the creation of molecular architecture, with the help of which the planned production of complex materials bearing the characteristics of living matter can be achieved. This is an important step, since although we have some knowledge about the molecules that make up biological matter and the structure of living organisms, there exists a knowledge gap between these two areas. This is the chemistry immediately preceding biology, the so-called pre-biotic chemistry, which can explain the chemical processes leading to biological phenomena. Self-organisation of matter has an important role in molecular architecture. Besides the above, the objectives of molecular architecture include the creation of molecular tools. It is hoped that the methods of molecular architecture leading from the small to the large sizes, will be of use in the planning and construction of molecular tools (molecular circuits, sensors, machines) or molecular computers. The lecture discusses in detail the results achieved in these scientific fields.
A kognitív nyelvészet az utóbbi negyedszázad igencsak eseménydús tudományterülete. Amióta a nyelvet nem az emberi megismerőrendszertől elszigetelve, hanem azzal való szoros összefüggésében vizsgáljuk, állandóan újabb és újabb, korábban meg sem fogalmazott kérdések merülnek fel, és az ezekre adott különféle, egymással versengő vagy egymást kiegészítő válaszok folyamatosan újabb titkait tárják fel az emberi nyelvnek.
Cognitive linguistics studies languages in relation to the human cognitive system. The lecture initially deals with the metaphorical nature of language including the issues of perceptual and linguistic categorisation then goes on to describe the structure of the world of meaning. This describes the increasingly complex hierarchy of category types and shows the kind of knowledge required for something to be listed under a given category. The simplest ones are the personal names where there is no categorisation. From here various category types branch out, those that can be defined by sight alone, such as animals, people, parts of the body, then plants and parts of plants and finally the artefacts and their parts. This branch is characterised by metaphorical extension, which extends from the more known to less known, from the less complex to the more complex on a given level. The names of the other branches cannot be defined simply by looking at them but one has to know somehow that they belong to that category. The simplest ones here are the relationship names, then the function and institution names and finally the purely linguistic abstract names. This branch is not characterised by metaphoric nature, rather by blending, i.e. structural metaphor as Lakoff and Johnson called it. The lecture describes only the possibility of building such a structure and notes that with its more developed form we can understand a number of linguistic phenomena better than with the general explanations given in today's scientific literature.
20
04
11
22
Előadó
A marihuána hatóanyaga, a kannabisz, közvetve lerontja az agyi hullámtevékenységet és a tanulási képességet. Megzavarja a szelektív figyelem és a fókuszáltság, valamint a kielégültség-érzés agyi mechanizmusait, s ennek nyomán szorongás, alulmotiváltság és céltalanság léphet fel. Az agy belső kannabinoid rendszerének befolyásolása új utat nyithat számos pszichiátriai betegség, valamint a kemény drog- és alkoholfüggés gyógyításában.
One of the most important elements of high-level nervous system functioning is the processing, interpretation and storing of stimuli from both the external and our own internal worlds. The hippocampus plays a key role in this process. Memory is the result of the precise synchronization of stimulating and impeding neurons. Understanding psychoactive substances has long been a concern of science, yet the working of one of the most popular drugs, marijuana, has only recently begun to become apparent. Contrary to earlier views, marijuana connects to its own receptor in the nerve cell. This receptor plays a key role in the functioning of memory. It is well known that the use of marijuana affects memory, however, it also plays a role in adjusting the optimal levels of anxiety and relaxation. With precise understanding, a road may open to the development of more effective anti-anxiety medication with fewer side effects. It is now also clear that the marijuana receptor is the common path to all manner of drug addictions including alcohol and hard drugs. Thus the study of the nervous system in relation to marijuana will play an important role the treatment of addiction.