Gyarmati György
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Előadó
Az emberi társadalomban is, a világban is minden mindennel összefügg, egy bonyolult, mindent átszövő hálónak a része. Az elmúlt években a hálózatelmélet néhány megdöbbentő felfedezéssel ajándékozott meg bennünket: kiderült, hogy a természetben és a társadalomban megjelenő hálók zöme sokkal inkább hasonlít egymáshoz, mind azt valaha is remélhettük volna, és viselkedésük leírható néhány egyszerű törvénnyel. Az előadás e törvényszerűségek megértésének módjáról beszél.
"The world is small", we usually say when it turns out that in some way or another we have something to do with an apparent stranger. The world is small indeed, as the six billion members of mankind all know each other in a relational distance of just a few steps. Just as in human society, everything is connected with everything in the world, being parts of a complex and all-encompassing network. The very basis of our existence is a complex molecular network in our cells; our communication is carried by the telephone network, and we find information on the World Wide Web. In recent years, the theory of networks gave us some really surprising discoveries: it turned out that the majority of networks appearing in both nature and society is more similar than we had ever hoped, and their behavior can be described with a handful of simple laws. The understanding of these laws have fundamentally changed our approach to quite a few important phenomena around us, including the origin of micro-worlds, the vulnerability of networks, and the nature of cancer. The presentation outlines the science of network research and the extremely wide range of its applications.
A második világháborút követő fél évtizedben hazánkban két teljes körű rendszerváltás ment végbe. Az első időszakban (1945-1946) egy többpárti parlamentáris berendezkedés kiépítéséért folyik a küzdelem, de a második rendszerváltás (1947-1949) felszámolja a világháború után átalakulóban levő társadalmi-politikai tagolódást. A demokráciát végül az 1949-re létrejövő egypárti kommunista diktatúra fojtja meg.
In Hungary, in the 5 years that followed World War II, there were two regime changes. From 1945, the building up of a multi-party parliamentary democracy was started. Between 1947 and 1949, the Communist party sought to extend this political turn of events into a deeper change to the system of society-with Soviet assistance. Leftist influence was strong in Parliament, and even stronger within the local authorities. Subsequent to land reform at the end of 1945, from 1947, a command economy was launched, and from 1948, the collectivisation of agriculture started. Even though regeneration started after the successful reconstruction and stabilisation of the forint, it was rolled back by the foundation of the MDP (the Hungarian Workers' Party) and the fast implementation of the Rákosi dictatorship. A major restructuring of the legal concept of property and property distribution took place. By 1949, all spheres of the society had already been subjected to centralised state control. This was ratified by the constitution of 1949, wherein the democratic principle of the division of power was rejected.
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Előadó
Vannak szerencsés országok, ahol a nép, nemzet, állam valamilyen egysége sok évszázada kiformálódott már, Közép- és Kelet-Európában azonban ez nem így történt. Mindez a nemzetállam függetlenségével kapcsolatban táplált illúziókhoz és nemzetek, nemzetiségek, népek közötti súlyos konfliktusokhoz vezetett. 1945 óta nemzet és nép egyre inkább szinonim fogalmakká válnak és a tendencia folytatódik: az Európai Unió keretei között a magyar önérzet és öntudat egészséges fejlődése egyre szükségesebb hajtóerővé válik a társadalom számára.
The lecture will explore the interrelationship between the changes having occurred in the meaning of the three historical terms mentioned in the title and the corresponding authentic social facts - primarily in the context of the history of Hungary in the 19-20th centuries. There are some lucky countries where some sort of unity of the people, of the nation and of the state has taken shape already. In Central and Eastern Europe this was not the case and this led to illusions regarding the independence of the nation-state and to severe conflicts between nations, nationalities and countries. The political nation does not always cover what we call a nation: more and more, the modern concept of the nation covers a common language and common culture. Hungarian society proved especially successful in the assimilation of different groups (Germans and Jews). Since 1945, the words "nation" and "people" have become closer and closer in meaning, and this trend continues: within the framework of the European Union, a healthy development of Hungarian self-respect and self-awareness has become an increasingly needed driving force of society.